Thymulin (FTS) dosing & administration

Bach JF, et al. · 2014

This study investigated the properties and effects of Thymulin (FTS), contributing to our understanding of its mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications.

Fabris N, et al. · 2017

This study investigated the properties and effects of Thymulin (FTS), contributing to our understanding of its mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications.

Bach JF, Dardenne M · 1989

This study investigated the properties and effects of Thymulin (FTS), contributing to our understanding of its mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications.

Safieh-Garabedian B, Kendall MD, Khamashta MA, et al. · 1992

This study investigated the properties and effects of Thymulin (FTS), contributing to our understanding of its mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications.

Bach JF, Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Rosa J · 1977

Original biochemical characterisation of the serum thymic factor (FTS) isolated from pig serum, establishing it as a small thymus-derived peptide hormone acting on T lymphocytes.

Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Lefrancier P, Bach JF · 1981

FTS loses its biological activity after passage over a chelating agent and recovers it on addition of zinc; activation is secondary to zinc binding to the peptide. Two forms exist - one zinc-free and biologically inactive, one zinc-bound and biologically active, for which the name thymulin was proposed.

Bach JF, Dardenne M · 1989

Thymulin is a nonapeptide hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells whose biological activity and antigenicity depend on the presence of zinc in the molecule. It induces differentiation of T cells and enhances several functions of the various T-cell subsets, with the effect on suppressor T cells the most remarkable. The peptide is not toxic.

Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Console GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pleau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG · 2009

Review. Thymulin is produced exclusively by thymic epithelial cells and consists of a nonapeptide component coupled in equimolecular ratio to the ion zinc, which confers biological activity and a specific molecular conformation on the molecule; it is involved in intrathymic and extrathymic T cell differentiation, possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in the brain, and has no known toxic effects even at high doses.

Lewis VM, Twomey JJ, Bealmear P, Goldstein G, Good RA · 1978

Circulating thymic hormone activity in humans was highest at 15-30 years of age and declined thereafter, being negligible after the sixth decade; the age-related decline correlated in general with progressive thymic involution.

Consolini R, Legitimo A, Calleri A, Milani M · 2000

Plasma thymulin measured in 93 healthy individuals from birth to old age: detectable at birth, highest at 5-10 years, falling gradually from adolescence to its lowest value at age 36 and remaining low through age 80. Thymulin is described as a nonapeptide secreted by the thymus and essential for T lymphocyte differentiation and function.

Mocchegiani E, Santarelli L, Muzzioli M, Fabris N · 1995

In deep zinc deficiency low thymulin levels are due not to a primary failure of the thymus but to reduced peripheral saturation of the hormone by zinc ions; in aged mice both reduced zinc saturation and decreased thymic production were present. One month of oral zinc supplementation in 22-month-old mice produced full recovery of thymic function with regrowth of the organ and partial restoration of peripheral immune efficiency, indicating that age-related thymic involution is not an intrinsic, irreversible event.

Prasad AS, Meftah S, Abdallah J, Kaplan J, Brewer GJ, Bach JF, Dardenne M · 1988

Serum thymulin activity fell in three human models of mild zinc deficiency and was corrected by in vivo and in vitro zinc supplementation. Zinc depletion also decreased the T4+/T8+ ratio and IL-2 activity, both corrected after zinc repletion. Thymulin activity depends on the presence of zinc in the molecule and thymulin induces intra- and extrathymic T cell differentiation.

Parent G, Chevalier P, Zalles L, Sevilla R, Bustos M, Dhenin JM, Jambon B · 1994

Bolivian children hospitalised for severe protein-energy malnutrition showed a high degree of T lymphocyte immaturity correlating with severe involution of the thymus; after in vitro incubation with thymulin, immature T lymphocytes decreased and mature T lymphocytes increased.

Santos M, Henriques-Coelho T, Leite-Moreira A · 2010

Review. Thymulin has consistent beneficial effects in experimental models of lung disease, a broad inhibitory effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppresses p38 (a MAPK family member) and inhibits activation of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway, and has no toxicity even at high doses.

Nasseri B, Zaringhalam J, Daniali S, Manaheji H, Abbasnejad Z, Nazemian V · 2019

In a complete Freund's adjuvant rat model, intraperitoneal thymulin reduced thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema, reduced activation of spinal microglia, reduced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and reduced spinal production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6.

Novoselova EG, Lunin SM, Glushkova OV, Khrenov MO, Parfenyuk SB, Zakharova NM, Fesenko EE · 2018

In mice given escalating doses of lipopolysaccharide, thymulin treatment alleviated fever, reduced lymphocyte apoptosis, decreased plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine production and decreased the activity of the NF-kappaB, MAPK and PKC-theta signalling pathways together with Hsp72, Hsp90 and TLR4 expression.

Safieh-Garabedian B, Jabbur SJ, Dardenne M, Saade NE · 2011

In a rat model of neuroinflammation produced by intracerebroventricular endotoxin, pretreatment with the thymulin analogue PAT significantly alleviated endotoxin-induced hyperalgesia and the elevated concentrations of pro-inflammatory mediators measured across brain regions.

Dardenne M, Saade N, Safieh-Garabedian B · 2006

Review of thymulin and its synthetic analogue PAT. PAT is deprived of thymulin's hyperalgesic effect; compared with other anti-inflammatory drugs PAT exerted equal or even stronger analgesic effects, and at much lower concentrations. Thymulin injected intracerebroventricularly reduced endotoxin-induced hyperalgesia and inhibited nuclear activation of NF-kappaB in the hippocampus, suggesting a neuroprotective role in the CNS.

Safieh-Garabedian B, Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Saade NE · 2002

PAT (peptide analogue of thymulin) dose-dependently reduced endotoxin-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in rats, reduced raised IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and NGF, prevented endotoxin-induced fever, and at all doses used produced no evident change in physiological parameters or normal behaviour.

Molinero P, Soutto M, Benot S, Hmadcha A, Guerrero JM · 2000

Serum thymulin concentrations showed a 24-hour rhythm with values increasing at night, in rats and in humans; daytime melatonin injection raised thymulin, while continuous light exposure and pinealectomy lowered it.

U.S. National Library of Medicine, ClinicalTrials.gov · 2026

A search of the ClinicalTrials.gov registry for thymulin as a study intervention returns no registered studies; a whole-record term search for thymulin returns only a zinc supplementation trial in which thymulin is not the intervention (checked 16 September 2026).

Prasad AS · 2008

Review. In an experimental human model of zinc deficiency, severe immune dysfunction mainly affecting T helper cells and decreased serum thymulin activity were documented; dietary zinc deficiency arose in populations eating mainly high-phytate cereal protein, and decreased plasma zinc in elderly subjects was corrected by zinc supplementation.

Muzzioli M, Mocchegiani E, Bressani N, Bevilacqua P, Fabris N · 1992

Thymulin (Zn-FTS), whose production and activity is generally reduced in old age, restored in vitro the crippled natural killer cytotoxicity of spleen cells from old mice; neither the zinc-unbound form of the hormone nor zinc ions alone were effective.

Jambon B, Ziegler O, Maire B, Hutin MF, Parent G, Fall M, Burnel D, Duheille J · 1988

In 58 Senegalese children who died in various stages of malnutrition, the severe forms (marasmus, kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor) showed a tiny thymus containing very little thymulin; thymic atrophy and depleted thymulin content were associated with severe protein-energy malnutrition.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · 2026

Drugs@FDA and the openFDA drug label and drugsfda endpoints return no approved application and no labeling for thymulin; there is no FDA-approved thymulin product in the United States (checked 16 September 2026).